The Tulsa Race Riots Of 1921 History Essay

The Tulsa Race shrieks Of 1921 History EssayThe Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 was wizard of the virtually(prenominal) traumatic race revolts in the history of the united States. Evaluating the events in retrospect, its hard to explain how such an ordeal, starting with bonnie a simple encounter in an elevator, could have escalated into whizz of the dead restst extra-military conflicts ever to ready coiffe on American soil. How was it that a saturnalia heard by almost no peerless was able to directly trigger the amassing of gees in an gaga work dowryy? And how did that unruly mob then gain financial aid from the very authorities that were sent to put it level? I constitute that this was all possible beca use up of an ele man military groupt of racism known as object lesson naturalism which was facilitated by personal biases and luridist media accounts.The phenomenon of instance realism occurs when a subconscious set of mental filters developed from our beliefs and expe riences weighs heavily in our definition of reality. In this particular instance, the filters were composed of racist brains, ca employ certain truths to be warped by the biases of the observer. In this case, two truths were distorted, starting signal, that concerning the events that sparked the riot, and, minute of arc, that concerning what was taking place during the riot itself.To understand all of this, we must first have a natural know directge of the events. This commences non with the firing of the first fortuitys or even with the quarter of seemingly insignificant events that led to the first signs of difficulty. Rather, one must begin with the zeitgeist, and consider the world as Tulsans did in May of 1921. We need not unaccompanied understand how this tragedy could happen, nevertheless why, in the end, it did.Of all the qualities that affect visitors to the metropolis of Tulsa in the sidereal days before the race riots, one of them was s simple machinece how m odern it was. Recently constructed re behaveice constructions stood downtown, motorized vehicles rumbled back and forth on Main Street, and rows of freshly painted houses stood in residential neck of the woodss. Compared to other cities in the region, Tulsa was nothing less than a sensation. In occurrence, Tulsa has crowing so a good deal and so quickly that local tourism promoters called it the Magic City.However, the Chamber of handicraft brochures and postcards did not reveal everything. Tulsa was in round elan, not one scarce two cities. In the shadow of the thriving center, in that respect was a trice residential area all unto itself. Some disparagingly called it Little Africa though in posterior years it became known simply as Greenwood. In proterozoic 1921, it was the home of almost cristal thousand African-American men, women and children. 5, 6 well-nigh residents of Tulsas primarily African American suburb came to Oklahoma, like their unclouded neighbors d uring the grand boom just before and after Oklahoma achieved statehood. Some came from Mississippi, some from Missouri, and others all the way from Georgia. For humankindy, Oklahoma represented not only a chance to escape the harsh realities of race in their former experient South states, however literally a land of hope, a place to start over.The backbone of the residential area was Greenwood highway. Running for over a mile, the channel had a certain symbolic meaning. Unlike Tulsas other passageways, which crossed into some(prenominal)(prenominal) sour and flannel neighborhoods, Greenwood Avenue was present only in the African American community.9For a community of its size, the business district of Greenwood offered an impressive head for the hills of commercial message structures. John and Loula Williams, who had a three story building on the compass northwest corner of Greenwood Avenue and genus Sagittarius Street, in addition operated the Dreamland Theater, a 150 seat venue that offered live music and theatrical revues as well as silent films accompanied by pianist. Nearby where the buildings that housed intimately all of Tulsas gloomy professional offices. there were no less than ten of each in all the major occupations and the greatest tally was xv the number of African American physicians in Tulsa at the time of the riots.11The knowing culture on Greenwood was likewise surprising, at least by standards inwardly the region. There were not one but two opaque intelligencepapers the Tulsa rail principal and the Oklahoma Sun. Afro-Americans were barred from using the new Carnegie library in the citys center, so a smaller black library branch was constructed, and came to be ingest with its own unique offerings. guinea pigly recognized African American leaders like WEB Dubois had even taught in Tulsa before the riot. In addition, Greenwood was also home to a local league of businesses, several fraternal orders, a branch of the YMCA, and several womens clubs. The last of these was populated by the communitys secondary schooldays teachers, the number of whom in employ was never less than thirty.Political issues of the day also attracted considerable interest. The Tulsa Star, in particular, provided not only comprehensive wrap upage of national, state and local political campaigns and election results, but also let upn over considerable space to record activities in local clubs of black Democrats and Republicans. In addition, the Star also covered some quasi-political chokements, including Marcus Garveys Universal negro return Association, various back-to-Africa movements, and some nationalist organizations. virtuoso such host, the African slant Brotherhood, by and by claimed to have had a chapter on Greenwood before the riot.12Around the neighborhood were m either small rememberings, barbers, and two family-owned grocery markets. Prior to the riot, these businesses made Greenwood, on a per capit a basis, one of the most financially successful African American communities in the country. Grit, hard work and determination were the main curtilages for this success. Entrepreneurial bosom had been imported to Tulsa from small communities in the outlying rural areas.There were also other reasons. Tulsa booming economy was an important factor, as was the fact that, in general, Greenwood was basically the only the place where black Tulsans could chose to shop. Due to the citys mandate of residential segregation, blacks were generally barred from patronizing downtown shops owned by blancheds, or at least risk insult if they tried. While many black Tulsans made a conscious decision to sponsor the African American merchants, the fact of the matter is that that most had few other options.15Despite the fact that this separation seemed to be becoming to a greater extent entrenched during the months that preceded the riots, much than a few clean Tulsans feared, usually due to sensat ionalist news reports, that the foe was true. It was primarily the Tulsa Tribune that asserted that black Tulsa was on the modernize toward equal stead with w bourgeone Tulsa. It was this idea of black Tulsas rising up both in an economic and combative sense that was created by the Tribune and some other, smaller news outlets.The Tribunes deliberately sensational articles would be the primary ideas or filters that later led to instances of representational realism. Anecdotal reports were issued about blacks Tulsans ignoring or challenging Jim Crow practices. Whites were angry at and jealous of the material success of Greenwoods elite a musical note that there was no doubt enhanced by equally sensational reports on the sharp fall in crude oil prices and the later(prenominal) layoffs in the oil industry immediately prior to the riots. In the first weeks and months of 1921, sinlessness Tulsans were made to fear that the Color Line was not only in danger of macrocosm slowly eras ed, but felt that its expunction was already happening.42Adding to this fear was the fact that, at the time, the vast majority of lily- purity Tulsans had almost no direct knowledge of the African American community. A handful of white-owned businesses existed on Greenwood and some whites occasionally visited the area for one reason or another, but most white Tulsans had never set groundwork in the African American neighborhood and had no desire to do so in the future. Most whites lived in all white neighborhoods, attended all white schools and churches, and worked mainly in all white purlieus. For most of Tulsas white population, the little they knew or thought they knew about the African-American community was based upon racial stereotypes, deeply rooted prejudices, and, most importantly, media- set rumor and innuendo.though heavily exaggerated and sometimes completely fabricated, newspaper accounts were not all unfounded. In the spring of 1921, serious racial troubles had be en brewing not just in Tulsa but crosswise America for some time. Few periods were as turbulent as the years surround World War I. In 1919, more than two dozen different race riots erupted in cities and towns crossways the country. Its important to note, however, these riots were not like those of the 1960s and 1990s, and were primarily characterized by white mobs invading African American neighborhoods, attacking African-American men and women, and vehement down houses and businesses. There wasnt one single record of the inverse having occurred, a fact that Tulsas news outlets deliberately omitted. 19Even prior to the riot, force-out against black Oklahomans was part of the national unrest. Largely because of the conditions of frontier lawlessness, Oklahoma had immense been plagued by kills. From 1911-1921, 23 such instances were account in Oklahoma. All were vigilante actions and all 23 of the victims, save for one, were African Americans.30Tulsa in particular had suffice a bustling center of Klan activity. Though there are no truly reliable records of membership, its estimated that there were 3200 Klansmen in Tulsa at the time of the riot. some other reports put the figure at as high as 6000. To give one a perspective on the pervasive nature of the Klan, an launching ceremony was held south of the city during the summer that followed the riot. Over a thousand news members were brought in during that one evening. There were so many in attendance that a large traffic jam resulted on the channel to the suburb of Broken Arrow, which sat along the route.It was within this cultural context that on May 30th, 1921, instrument Rowland, a black man, and Sarah varlet, a white woman, had a short and initially insignificant encounter on an elevator. The context of the event would be rapidly magnified as the story was repeatedly re-interpreted, each time filtering by dint of the idea matrix of individuals with racial prejudice.Rowland was a black man of about 19 at the time that the riots took place, though the actual date of his birth has been a subject of some debate. He and his two sisters had been orphans and apparently lived on the streets of Vinita, where they slept and begged for food. When he was approximately six, Rowland was interpreted in by an African-American woman signalized Damien Ford, the proprietor of a small, Tulsa grocery store. shaft Rowland would grow up in Tulsa and eventual(prenominal)ly drop out of school to extend a job shining shoes in a white-owned salon located downtown on Main Street. Shoe twinklings normally cost about a penny in those days, but the prole was usually tipped at least nickel for every shine and sometimes made much more. During a workday, a shoe special K mackerel could pocket a lot of money. This was seen as an especially good lookout for a young African-American for whom there would be few other employment opportunities.There were no toilets at the salon where Dick Rowland work ed. The owner had arranged it so that African-American employees could use the colored bathrooms, in the Drexel building across the street at 319 S. Main Street. To gain access to the toilet, which was located upstairs, Rowland and the other shoe shiners had to devil the buildings elevator. The snarf was not automatic, and required an doer to be present at all times. This work was usually close for women.79At the end of May 1921, the Drexel building elevator operator was a white woman of seventeen named Sarah Page. She had get on to Tulsa from Missouri, and its assumed she lived in a rented room nearby on North Boston Avenue. In addition, it was reported that Page had enrolled herself in a local business school, a move that was almost necessary in order for her to stay competitive. While Tulsa was placid riding its construction boom, some building owners had begun to recruit African-American women to perform as lift operators at a lower salary than their white counterparts.80 Dick Rowland and Sarah Page were both downtown on Monday, May 30th, 1921. At approximately 3pm Dick Rowland walked into Sarah Pages elevator. Seconds later, Page was heard screaming, and Rowland was seen exiting the building at a quickened pace. 82There is a great deal of speculation and banter concerning what actually took place within the confines of the elevator. Subsequent to the riot, the most common explanation was that Rowland had somehow tripped as he entered the elevator and, attempting to catch his fall, had grabbed Pages artillery causing her to scream. Rowland then fled, naturally startled by her controvertion. A narrate theory asserts that the two were romantically involved and that Pages scream was the result of a lovers quarrel. Regardless, all who knew Rowland, black and white, proclaimed that he was completely incapable of the enchant he would be accused of.83The first to respond to Pages cry was an employee of Renbergs fit out store, an outlet on the Drexel b uildings first beautify. He heard Page scream and saw Rowland exit the building right after. He then move to the lift where he discovered the disheveled Page and then called the practice of law. The guard arrived, took reports from the employee and Page, and then began a low-key investigation. The adjoining break of day they arrested Rowland at home, and carted him off to the downtown tuck in for processing.Meanwhile, Richard Lloyd Jones, editor of the Tulsa Tribune, made contact both with the jurisprudence and the Renbergs employee. It just so happened that the Tribune also had offices in the Drexel building and thus he found about the event shortly after it had occurred. When the newspaper contacted the law for comment, they were naturally tightlipped about an ongoing investigation, and thus Jones primary source was the Renbergs employee. That afternoon, he released the following articleNab Negro for Attacking little girlfriend in ElevatorA Negro delivery boy who gave his name to the public as Diamond Dick but who has been identified as Dick Rowland, was arrested on South Greenwood Avenue this sunup by Officers Carmichael and Pack, charged with attempting to sharpshoot the 17-year-old white elevator girl in the Drexel Building beforehand(predicate) yesterday.He will be tried in municipal judicial system this afternoon on a state charge.The girl said she notice the Negro a few transactions before the attempted breach looking up and down the hallway on the third floor of the Drexel Building as if to see if there was anyone in sight but thought nothing of it at the time.A few minutes later he entered the elevator she claimed, and attacked her, scratching her hands and face and tearing her clothes. Her screams brought a clerk from Renbergs store to her assistance and the Negro fled. He was captured and identified this morning both by the girl and the clerk, police say.Tenants of the Drexel Building said the girl is an orphan who works as an e levator operator to pay her way through business college.89Immediately subsequent to this publication, talk of lynching began. Ross T. Warner, the animal trainer of the downtown offices of the Tulsa Machine and Tool Company, wrote that after the Tribune came out that afternoon, the talk of lynching spread like a prairie fire.94Talk soon turned into action. As word of the say sexual assault in the Drexel Building spread, a crowd of whites began to gather on the street foreign of the Tulsa County Courthouse, in whose jail Dick Rowland was being held. As people got off of work, and the news of the alleged attack reported in the Tribune became more widely dispersed across town, more and more white Tulsans, infuriated by what had supposedly taken place in the Drexel Building, began to gather outside the courthouse at Sixth and Boulder. By sunset which came at 734 p.m. that evening observers estimated that the crowd had grown into the hundreds. Not long afterwards, cries of Let us h ave the nigger could be heard. 95By 930 p.m., the white mob outside the courthouse had swollen to nearly two- thousand persons. They blocked the sidewalks as well as the streets, and had spilled over onto the front lawns of nearby homes. In the citys African American neighborhoods, meanwhile, strain continued to mount over the increasingly ugly situation down at the courthouse. Some of the men, however, decided that they could wait no longer. Hopping into cars, small pigeonholings of fortify African American men began to stag brief forays into downtown, their guns visible to passersby.As the black men were leaving the courthouse for the second time, a white man approached a tall African American World War I veteran who was carrying an army-issue revolver. Nigger, the white man said, What are you doing with that pistol? Im going to use it if I need to, replied the black veteran. No, you give it to me. Like hell I will. The white man tried to take the gun out-of-door from the vet eran, and a shot rang out. Americas worst race riot had begun. 106While the first shot fired at the courthouse may have been unintentional, those that followed were not. Almost immediately, members of the white mob and possibly some law enforcement officers opened fire on the African American men, who returned volleys of their own. The initial gunplay lasted only a few seconds, but when it was over, an unknown number of people perhaps as many as a dozen both black and white, lay dead or wounded.107Outnumbered more than twenty-to-one, the black men began a retreating fight toward the African American district. With armed whites in close pursuit, heavy gunfire erupted again along Fourth Street, two blocks north of the courthouse.108A short while later, a second , deadlier, friction broke out at Second and Cincinnati. No longer directly involved with the fate of Dick Rowland, the beleaguered second particular of African American men were now fighting for their own lives. intempe rately outnumbered by the whites, and suffering some casualties along the way, most were apparently able, however, to make it safely across the Frisco railroad tracks, and into the more familiar environs of the African American community.110Shortly thereafter, whites began breaking into downtown sporting goods stores, pawnshops, and hardware stores, thieving or borrowing as some would later claim guns and ammunition. Dick Bardons store on First Street was particularly hard hit as well as the J.W. MeGee Sporting Goods shop at 22 W. Second Street, even though it was located literally across the street from police headquarters. The owner later testified that a Tulsa police officer helped to pogy out the guns that were taken from his store.113It appears that the first fires set by whites in black neighborhoods began at about 100 a.m. African American homes and businesses along Archer were the earliest targets, and when an engine crew from the Tulsa Fire Department arrived and prepare d to imbrue the flames, white rioters forced the firemen away at gunpoint. By 400 a.m., more than two-dozen black-owned businesses, including the Midway Hotel, had been torched.121On the evening of May 31st, the National retain was deployed to turn out the escalating conflict.At approximately 1100 p.m., perhaps as many as fifty dollar bill local National Guardsmen nearly all of whom had been contacted at their homes had poised at the armory on Sixth Street. The Tulsa units of the National Guard were exclusively white. erstwhile armed, guardsmen began to lead groups of armed whites on patrols of downtown streets. This activity was later taken over by members of the also all-white American Legion. Tulsa police officials also aid the guard, presented the guardsmen with a machine gun mounted on the back of a truck.Taking the machine gun with them, about thirty guardsmen headed north, and positioned themselves along Detroit Avenue between Brady Street and Standpipe mound, along one of the borders separating the citys white and black neighborhoods. The brushwood line that the National Guard officers established was set-up facing the African American district. Moreover, the guardsmen also began rounding up black Tulsans, whom they handed over as prisoners to the police.While some black Tulsans chose to stay and fight, most realized the futility of doing so and tried get themselves and their families to safety. They had been outmanned and outgunned when facing the white civilians alone. Now the opposition was aided by the police and National Guardsmen. In the early hours of June 1, a energise stream of black Tulsans began to leave the city, hoping to find safety in the surrounding countryside. Early in the evening when there was first talk of trouble, Irene Scofield later told the Black Dispatch, I and about forty others started out of the town and walked to a little town about fifteen miles away. Others joining the exodus, however, were not as fortunate . Billy Hudson, an African American laborer who lived on Archer, hitched up his coaster wagon as conditions grew worse, and set out with his grandchildren by his side for Nowata. He was killed by whites along the way.130In the pre-dawn hours of June l, thousands of armed whites, led by National Guardsmen, had gather in three main clusters along the northern fringes of downtown, opposite Greenwood. One group had assembled behind the Frisco freight depot, while another waited nearby at the Frisco and Santa Fe passenger station. Four blocks to the north, a third crowd was cluster at the Katy passenger depot. While it is unclear how many people were in each group, some contemporary observers estimated the total number of armed whites who had gathered as high as five or ten thousand.141 some(prenominal) eyewitnesses later recalled that when dawn came at 508 a.m. that morning, an unusual whistle or siren sounded, perhaps as a signal for the mass assault on Greenwood to begin. Althoug h the source of this whistle or siren is still unknown, moments later, the white mobs made their move. Crowds of armed whites poured across the Frisco tracks, headed straight for the African American commercial district.146Numerous other eyewitnesses both black and white confirm the posture of an unknown number of planes flying over Greenwood during the early daylight hours of June 1. There is little doubt but that some of the occupants of the airplanes fired upon black Tulsans with pistols and rifles. Moreover, there is depict, to suggest that men in at least one airplane dropped some form of explosives, probably sticks of dynamite, upon a group of African American refugees as they were fleeing the city.153As the waves of white rioters descended upon the African American district, a evil pattern soon emerged. First, the armed whites broke into the black homes and businesses, forcing the occupants out into the street, where the police and National Guard led them away at gunpoint to one of a growing number of internment centers. Anyone who resisted was shot. Moreover, African American men in homes where firearms were discovered met the same fate. Next, the whites looted the homes and businesses, pocketing small items, and hauling away larger items either on foot or by car or truck. Finally, the white rioters then set the homes and other buildings on fire, using torches and oil-soaked rags. House by house, block by block, the wall of flame crept northward, engulfing the citys black neighborhoods.155Attempts by black Tulsans to defend their homes and property were undercut by the actions of both the Tulsa police and the local National Guard units, who, rather than focus on disarming or arresting the white rioters, took steps that led to the eventual imprisonment of practically all of the citys African American citizens. 162As the morning wore on, and the fighting moved northward across Greenwood, the guardsmen who were positioned along the crest of sundown H ill started to actively join in the invasion of black Tulsa, with one detachment heading north, the other to the northeast. As later described by Captain John W. McCuen in the after action report he submitted to the commander of Tulsas National Guard unitsWe advanced to the crest of Sunset Hill in skirmish line and then a little hike north to the military crest of the hill where our men were ordered to lie down because of the intense fire of the blacks who had formed a good skirmish line at the foot of the hill to the northeast among the out-buildings of the Negro resolving which stops at the foot of the hill. After about 20 minutes of fire at will at the armed groups of blacks the latter began locomote back to the northeast, thus getting good cover among the frame buildings of the Negro settlement. Immediately we moved forward, B Company advancing directly north and the Service company in a north-easterly direction.173The guardsmen then came upon a group of African Americans bar ricaded inside a store, who were attempting to hold off a mob of armed white rioters. Rather than attempt to get the white invaders and the black defenders to disengage, the guardsmen joined in on the attack. Again, as described by Captain McCuenAt the northeast corner of the Negro settlement 10 or more Negroes barricaded themselves in a concrete store and dwelling and a stiff fight ensued between these Negroes on one side and guardsmen and civilians on the other. Several whites and blacks were wounded and killed at this point. 174At approximately 11am on June 1st, the governor intervened, calling for martial law. State Troops were dispatched and began to move into what little remained of Tulsas African American neighborhoods, disarming whites and sending them away from the district. This brought the debauch to an end. 197As previously stated , there were two truths distorted by representative realism. The first was that concerning the events that sparked the riot. It was a single cry by Sarah Page that set in motion the events that would ultimately leave half the city in devastation. This escalation occurred as the accounting of events proceeded along a chain of racially-biased breedingal relay. At each stage or involvement in the chain, representational realism resulted in dissonance between what actually took place and what was perceived and recounted to the next link.The Renbergs employee served as this chains first link. It is known that the employee heard what he took as a scream of distress, saw Rowland exit the building post-haste, and hurried to the lift where he discovered a discombobulated Page. The subsequent police report notes nothing of any bruising or turn clothing and, more importantly, it does not note that Sarah Page claimed to have been raped. What it does note, however, is the fervent assertion by the Renbergs employee that a rape did happen, despite simultaneously admitting that he hadnt actually seen anything happen.The second link i n the chain was Richard Lloyd Jones, editor of the Tulsa Tribune. When Jones received the information from the Renbergs employee, it passed through Jones own filters which, in addition to including racist inclinations, caused him to interpret the information in terms of its usefulness in selling newspapers. Thus, he deliberately sensationalized the information resulting in the following days incendiary headline.The third and final link was the public who received the newspaper. Over the course of the weeks and months that proceeded, the Tribunes sensationalist stories had given them feeling that a black ascension was imminent. When they later saw black Tulsans ride by the courthouse with their weapons on display, their analysis was filtered through this earlier notion, and led them to react as if an uprising was taking place, even though all evidence pointed to the contrary. Obviously a single carload of blacks had not intended to rise up against a thousand-strong mob of whites.Th is leads to the second, truth that was distorted by representative realism, which concerned what was actually taking place during the riot itself. It is apparent to any unbiased party that the black communitys position was defensive for the duration of the conflict, and it was the white community that was engaged in an uprising. The National Guardsman, however, responded as if the opposite were true. This is more serious than the similar behavior exhibited by white civilians, as the Guard was commissioned with the duty of restoring order. Moreover they were briefed in detail prior to being deployed. They were well aware that the riot began as an aggression toward the black community in response to an attempt by a small group of blacks to defend a prisoner from a lawless mob of whites.Nonetheless, arriving on the scene of the conflict already underway and seeing armed blacks take aim at opposing whites, its clear that the negro uprising idea filtered the guardsmens perception and res ulted in an upside down assessment of the circumstances. This was the notion they abided despite the fact that almost all conflicts took place in the black part of town and the fact that the black side was almost always outnumbered. The most startling evidence of the role of representative realism was seen after the event, when National Guard officers were debriefed. Despite now being in a non-hostile environment and being put on record, several guardsmen actually used the enounce negro uprising and used the term enemy in fictitious character to the black population they were dispatched to protect.Given the facts of what took place, it seems almost impossible for anyone to have come to the conclusion that Sarah Page was raped or that a Negro uprising was taking place on the following day. However, with the space of just a few hours, both of these beliefs were almost ubiquitous amongst a community of thousands. This is the power of representative realism. Once the right preconceive d notions have been impressed, it only takes a certain trigger, and anyone, regardless of duty or morality, can be driven to do the extreme.Lawrence Alex Reed TERM PAPER Page 1African-Americans exemplification Realism and the Tulsa Race RiotAbroad