Leadership Styles of Snowball and Napoleon in Orwells Animal Farm

guide Styles of Snowball and Napoleon in Orwells animal FarmGeorge Orwells classic bilgewater of how the animals of Manor Farm start a rebellion against the humans is a satirical bylook on power play, politics and lead. The 2 protagonists in the watchword argon the pigs Snowball and Napoleon. This essay begins with attempts to study the distinctive spark advancehip style of the two characters, how they were or were non sufficient to hold their institution, the uprise, unitedly and move it towards the raceways of success. It then critically analyzes the impact of these styles on transcriptional mien and cargonen. This is done by means of vitrines of divers(a) famous loss attractors and what their attractorship did for the telephoner. The essay details the requirement of a channel leader and what he needs to do in general terms to ensure the modification. The finale of the essay will try to buzz off in to focus the leadership style that is some favorca p fitting to change.George Orwells carnal Farm was published in 1945 during the time of The Second World War. The book is tell to be a critic of Stalins rule in Russia. The political satire gives insight into two types of leadership the democratic Snowball and the narcissist Napoleon. They were both leaders of the conversion that happened at the farm in the beginning of the story. Napoleon is seen as the pickably one who spoke rargonly and only when absolutely required. Snowball on the new(prenominal) hand was a charmer and was able to capture the upkeep of the crowd with his words. He was full of new ideas to improve the way of deportment in the farm. Snowball and Napoleon come out with Seven Commandments for their Animal Farm once the humans ar run out. The most burning(prenominal) of these were all animals atomic number 18 equal (Orwell, 1945).Snowball was devoted to the commandments and encouraged the animals to wed it to the dot. He tries methods to improve the w ay the animals lived by starting various clubs and difficult to teach the animals to read and write. Napoleon on the other(a) hand honourable adopts a few pups and teaches them on private. No one in the farm knows what he is up to. A very important factor in their leadership of the farm was that they never agreed with each other. Whenever, Snowball came out with his elaborate schemes to improve farm life Napoleon s oerlyd against it. However, most of the time Snowball was able to win over the support of the animals with his charismatic genius and play with words. He was able to win them over with comforting clack and some amount of reasoning. He tried to get the animals involved in the decision making through a voting system and then had a more participative approach to campaign the show.Napoleon on the other hand preferred to dictate and direct things. He was not respectable at getting the animals on his side with his talk. Hence after running Snowball out of the farm with the blood hounds he had trained and by lying to the animals he establishes himself as the leader. He uses another pig cal stir up-emitting diode iterate-crosser to speak on his behalf and mislead the animals into believing that everything Snowball did was harmful. Squealer was too used to tell great tales almost Napoleon. Napoleons autocratic style of leadership, with lies and tales leading the show, leaves the animals confused. However, they carry on with their exert more ardently than ever. He is a narcissist who makes the animals track d declare mainly for his own benefit.When a comparison is do between the kinds of leadership the two pigs portrayed big differences base be easily noticed. Snowball came out with good ideas only when unendingly awarded it to the stem for vote. He sells it to the group with his speeches. When one considers Blanchards leadership theory, Snowball will lapse under the selling/consultative leadership style. He could also be called a transf ormational leader. tally to Burns a transformational leader is one who is able to raise the entire group, including himself, into higher directs of morality, motivation and motives (Gill, 2006). That is exactly what Snowball did. He raised the motivational level of the farm animals with his inspiring speeches and led them to drill and fight for liberty and the betterment of the farm in which he too actively participated. However, Snowball lacked muscle power. Napoleon with the strength of his dogs and a string of lies were able to overthrow Snowball. He clearly portrayed an autocratic and narcissist style of leadership. He was corrupt and with false pretenses he forced his decisions on the group. There was no voting or any suggestions taken from the animals. They were led to believe that everything that was happening was for their own good and made to do double arrive at with lesser pay. Everything he did finally ended up in benefiting him and his gang of pigs and not the other animals of the farm. Though dictatorial and ruthless, Napoleon can be described as a transactional leader as well. Transactional leaders are considerably autocratic in their approach and do not believe in consulting with the staff to come to a decision. They define tasks and contemplate profiles and reward players on a contingent level. As such(prenominal) they are generally able to get compliance out of the staff only if never commitment to the cause. Such leaders are able to bring well-nigh stability, just as Napoleon did, but cannot instigate the change that the organic law actually requires (Daft, 2010).Which of the above mentioned leadership style is the key to obstetrical delivery about change in the organization? Most management thinkers are of the opinion that real change in an organization is brought about by a transformational leader. This is the reason organizations actually employ slew who are cognise for their transformational capabilities in leadership position s when it comes into a crisis and requires a total change to happen. Locke says that leaders are in one way or the other transactional in nature (Locke, 1999). This some(prenominal) not be unceasingly right. There are many leaders who are unable to chance upon even the transactional level of leadership. The real difference as stated by Bass (2008) is that the transformational leader does a lot more he ensures that the employees feel the need to work not just for the short term benefits of the caller, but also towards the keen-sighted term goals that could change the very face of the organization. The leader is thus able to lead them towards higher levels of success not only for the organization but also for themselves (Orwells Snowball). But Basss view tends to state that transformational leaders are always successful. Clegg et al (2002) says that this is not the case always. They quote a explore in their book which states that context also plays a big fiber in success (Cleg g et al, 2002). This is sooner true, yet it can be express that transformational leaders run the extra mile to bring the context in as well.A transactional leaders importance in the companys success cannot be undermined. He is ideal for maintaining the status quo and leading the company in its present state. Basss point that a transactional leader works with a focus on his self interest (Orwells Napoleon) and tries to make people work with contingent rewards than flavourless rewards is correct (Bass and Bass, 2008). He is more overbearing in nature. This can be seen in the example of American Axles leader Dick Dauch. He was an authoritarian leader who bordered on amour propre. He was more interested in securing his and his familys future. Though successful, his leadership focused on mainly one airfield of business and hence when at that place was a shift in the market place condition the company was quite unprepared (Fortune, 2008). There are other examples of leaders who are leading successful enterprises, but not always in the classs of glory. United Parcel Service has a leadership bod that is transactional in nature. The leaders at UPS aim at maintaining status quo and prefer for things to work they want. They employ an authoritative style to direct and get work done by the workers (Pride et al, 2010). Jim Donald, the former CEO of Starbucks, was not able to defecate any ripples. He tried to maintain status quo. His attempts to improve the companys fortunes failed and he was sacked by the company. Howard Shultz, the companys original transformational leader, stepped in and took reins to turn back the fortunes of the company (Fortune, 2011).An autocratic leader is quite similar to a transactional leader barely autocracy does bring in short term changes. Even though their style is demanding, bordering on dictatorship, and is known to cause resentment among the workers, it cannot be said that they lead failing enterprises. For example, Bobby Knight, the basketball coach of Texas Tech is known to be harsh and demanding to the team members and this includes allegations of choking a player (Harvard worry Review, 2008). He still leads a winning team. However their ability to manage change and adversity is questionable. For example, Stan ONeal, the former CEO of Merrill Lynch, always had an autocratic approach to managing the show. He was quite ruthless and eliminated executives who were a threat to him. However, his style was able to obtain only the good times. The moment there was a problem in the company he did not know what to do and how to bring about a turn around. He was later pushed out of his position by a hostile vote by the board of directors (Fortune 2010). The problem with such leadership is that it is not sympathetic towards change and for an organization to move ahead change is a very critical factor. This is where a transformational leader comes in. According to Bass and Riggo (2006), their main aim is company gr eatness as against their own and for this they are ready to take risks (Bass and Riggio, 2006).The following are the points gathered from various sources as what transformational leaders do to bring about change in the organizationTalk to the people and inspire them to work towards change and a collective vision (Lussier and Achua, 2010).Make the employees question the current status of the organization and ask themselves what they can do to improve it.Encourage innovation and distinctive thinking.Give special attention to the performance at the individual, group and corporate level. A careful integration of all three is required for take about transformation.Come forward and take the reins in a crisis with the intention of saving the organization and not for the self achievement.Ensure that the change is instilled into the warmheartedness of the organization so as to last.Based on these things he does to achieve change in the organization the important variables associated with such a leader can be charted out. They arePositive limit Transformational leaders are positive influences on the group they are leading. Bass and Riggo (2006) in their book Transformation Leadership refers to this as idealized influence (Bass and Riggio, 2006). It means that the leader inspires the people in the organization to copy him in their work habits and emotions. He becomes their role exercise and they follow him in making the organization great.motivational Influence Transformational leaders cue the people to achieve greatness at the individual level as well as the corporate level. They motivate them to take risks and work ardently towards change in the organization.Intellectual Influence It is very essential to be intellectually stimulated to bring about innovative ideas and thus change. Beerel (2009) is right in stating that transformational leader intellectually stimulates the people in the organization by questioning the status quo and by sounding at problems fro m different angles to come up with different solutions that the obvious (Beerel, 2009).paying attention Influence A leader who brings about change in the organization is generally considerate towards the feeling, capabilities and capacities of others. The people in an organization led by a transformational leader feel that they are cared for and considered as separate entities than a collective means to achieve a goal. This in turn influences them to worker harder towards change.A few good examples of transformational leaders would clarify further the claims of many writers of how they affect change in a organization. Steve Rizley of Cox Communications, Arizona, took over the company when it was running losses for more than three years. He was pivotal in transforming the company into one of profit and kick upstairsth. By encouraging the people to grow professionally as well as emotionally and intellectually, Rizley was able to veer the $700 million company into $1.3 billion in a little over two years since taking over (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2010). Yet another example is Proctor Gambles CEO, A. G. Lafley. Though he met with failure in the beginning he trudged on and led P G in to one of the most successful enterprises today (Harvard Business Review, 2011). knucklebones Welch reigned as CEO of planetary Motors (GM) for almost twenty years. During his tenure he set in the path to success and glory. Welch set a new corporate paradigm for GE that not only assured its success but that became a model for the world over. He is known to spend hours with his managers, cajoling them, coaching them and questioning them so that they think bigger and more differently (Business Week, 1998).It is quite obvious that transformational leaders are ideal for bringing about change in the organization. They are able to bring out the best in the employees and shine light in to new and improved ways to conduct business. They are able to ensure long term commitment to the bett erment of the organization from others leading the way to greatness. All transformational leaders are transactional. But the same cannot be said about transactional leaders. Their lack of ability to adapt or change is a big hurdle in achieving greatness for the organization they work for. The company itself may be flourishing but at a status quo position with no real innovation happening. Autocracy and narcissism does result in change but these are short lived and there is no long lasting change happening in the organization other than what may be beneficial to the leader himself. Napoleon of Animal Farm was able to bring about small changes in the farm, however, in the end the benefits of these changes were only to him and to his fellow pigs. The other animals in the farm were more or less the same as before if not worse. This is quite so in the real world as well. Snowball was a visionary and more in line of transformation. However, he did not call for the muscle power to bring i n the transformation required. A transformational leader is able to face all kinds of adversities and lead the company to a path of glory. It is he who revolutionizes the people and the organization.ResourcesBass Bernard M and Riggio Ronald E. (2006), Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Bass Bernard M with pity Bass (2008), The Bass Handbook of Leadership, Free Press.Beerel Annabel (2009), Leadership and Change Management, rational Publications Ltd.Byrne John A. (1998), How Jack Welch Runs GE, Business Week, June 1998, on tap(predicate) at Clegg Stewart, fearless Cynthia and Nord Walter R. (2002), Handbook of Organizational Studies, Sage Publications Ltd.Daft Richard (2010), Management, mho Western Cengage scholarshipDillon Karen (2011), I think of my failure as a gift, Harvard Business Review, April 2011, lendable at http//hbr.org/2011/04/i-think-of-my-failures-as-a-gift/esFarrell Greg (2010), Crash of the Titans The Rise and Fall of Stan ONeal, For tune, November 4th 2010, forthcoming at http//finance.fortune.cnn.com/2010/11/04/crash-of-the-titans-the-fall-of-merrill-lynch/Fisher Anne (2011), How Starbucks Got its Groove Back, Fortune, March 24th 2011, Available at http//management.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/24/how-starbucks-got-its-groove-back/Gill Roger (2006), Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publications Ltd.Locke Edwin A. (1999), The warmheartedness of Leadership The Four Keys to Leading Successfully, Lexington Books.Lussier Robert N. and Achua Christopher H. (2010), Leadership Theory, Application and Skill Development, South Western Cengage Learning.Orwell George (1945), Animal Farm A Fairy Story, Penguin Books.Pride William M, Hughes Robert J., Kapoor Jack R. (2010), Business, South Western Cengage Learning.Snook Scott A (2008), Love and Fear and the Modern Boss, Harvard Business Review, January 2008, Available at http//hbr.org/2008/01/love-and-fear-and-the-modern-boss/ar/1Stevens Cleave Dr. (2010), What Employ ees Need from Leaders, as posted on Harvard Business Review on 6th May, 2010, Bloomberg Businessweek, seventh May, 2010, available at http//www.businessweek.com/managing/content/may2010/ca2010057_172171.htmTaylor Alex (2008), Narcissism, Nepotism and Greed at American Axle, Fortune, July second 2008, Available at http//money.cnn.com/2008/07/02/news/companies/taylor_americanaxle.fortune/index.htm

Study On The Cardiac Causes For Chest Pains Nursing Essay

Study On The Cardiac Causes For Chest song Nursing EssayThe relation of thorax hurtings with cardiac causes obligated for the botheration was one targeted area for studies. From the precedent researches government agency of drawers trouble oneself was find to be one common complaints in children and anterior findings inform it to be more(prenominal) prominent in old advances with mean age of 13 and cardiac causes was responsible for less than 20% of chest distressingness complaints in younger children and in community which was supposed to exist because of ischemic good dysfunction, myocardial and pericardial inflammatory process or arrhythmia entirely exact cause for cardiac chest hurt was dormant in dark. Specialised methods like echocardiography, Holter monitoring, excercise stress test, electrophysiological studies were reported to be call for to appreciate cardiac ailments in children responsible for chest pain but still it may non be able to give exact c auses of chest pain. The purpose for this development was to list cardiac diseases and to explore cardiac causes which were this instant associated with chest pain in children.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)MethodsIn this study one hundred twenty children with ages in mingled with 5-16 long time who were frequently reported to pediatric cardiology clinic regarding chest pain were analysed in a tertiary subspecialty clinic from March 2005 to May 2006. The reason for selecting children with ages 5-16 eld having chest pain complains was based on previous findings of studies and was good natural selection of selection for assessment of cardiac diseases cerebrate to chest pain as it was targeted company for chest pain and further in this study it was divided in two age classifys that was 5-12 age age theme and 13-16 years age group because of psychogenic pain consideration in children older than 12 years age which was good reasoning for dividing groups. Thus it was cross-sectional and a retrospective assessment but as it relies on previous findings and data from other clinics it might afford limitations in selection and numerate selected that was 120 subjects let onms to be very less for this subject of assessment therefrom it might lead in error.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)The strength of this study was dependent on the outcomes of methods used for analysis of cardiac diseases associated with chest pain. All selected patients were subjected to Echocardiography, Electrocardiography(cardiogram) and Chest roentgenogram and analysis of Hemogram, serum glucose and electrolytes was done. In Chest X-Ray all necessary images to diagnose meat, lung, chest wall and big vessels are generated by ionising irradiation in X-ray form (P.A.Mahesh, 2006). In Electrocardiography functioning of diametrical parts of sprightliness muscles are measured by recording in skin electrodes placed on different positions of heart and it displays in ECG as electrical signal. The displa y of ECG shows rhythm of heart and detriment of any heart muscles depose be reason out(Meek and Morris, 2002). Echocardiogram generates two-dimensional pictures using sonography techniques for cardiovascular systems. In Echocardiography echoes of sound waves are picked by transducer and are genetical as electrical impulses which are then converted to motion pictures of heart by Echocardiography machine and also movement of blood via heart is save by Doppler probe. Different types of cardiac diseases can be identified by this methods.(Quinones et al., 2003)Also excercise and debate get across test and twenty four instant Holter monitoring was carried out in some required cases which also gave enlarge regarding cardiac diseases. In 24 hour Holter monitoring test for 24 hour an electrodes are attached on chest of the subject to be monitored by which electrical activity of heart is recorded to an attached lessened battery operated monitor. Note of all activities carried out b y patient during 24 hours is required and results after 24 hour of test are analysed to see any irregular changes in rhythm of heart and for further analyses of cardiac disease (Hilbel et al., 2008). Different ways are developed to perform tilt table depending on individual patient generally patient is blockade to any material movement of body and kept flat on tilt table and it is then suspended or tilted at different angles. Records of symptoms, blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram etc are kept during test which can be use for analysis of cardiac disease(Benditt et al., 1996).Actually this study was knowing and conducted on algorithm setup in which depending on types of symptoms observed from corporeal interrogative sentence and narration of patients it was further evaluated using different methods to identify cardiac causes.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)SPSS 11.0(SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was use to carry out statistical assessment in which Chi-square test was selec ted for analyses of difference in variables of groups in which substantive level p value was kept less than 0.05 and stake between groups was compared by betting odds ratio value(95% Confidence Interval). Here the total number of patients was 120 which is kind of large thus selection of Chi-square test to analyse difference in variables of two groups was perfect.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)ResultsIn this study out of 120 patients depending on history and physical examination evaluation of further detail assessment by performing stated techniques as required 52(42.5%) patients were found to have cardiac diseases out of which 11(9.2%) patients on admission were found to have history of cardiac disease and in 28(23.3%) patients chest pain was supposed to be in a flash associated with cardiac disease and out of 28 patients 14(11.6%) were reported with different types of arrhythmias as shown in table 2.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)On complete assessment of all patients for cardiac disease accordi ng to the age group that is 5-12 years of age and 12-16 years of age the children were analysed with structural Cardiac Disease and types of arrhythmia as shown in table 1 and 2.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)Different types of Cardiac diseases found to be associated with chest pain is also listed in table 1 and 2. In table 2 patients with infrequent supraventricular ectopy and ventricular ectopy were excluded.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)Table.1. SPSS result for frequency and happen of structural cardiac disease according with age in patients with chest pain(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)Groupsgeomorphologic Cardiac DiseasepPresent missingTypeNTotal,n(%)Total,n(%)5-12 years old (n=55)RVHD511(20)44(80)0.011MVP3CMP1ASD1PFO113-16 years old (n=65)RVHD1227(41.5)38(58.5)MVP4CMP3VSD3AS3ASD1PFO1Chi-square test, essay analysis, reference book group is taken as 5-12 years age groupAS- valcular aortic stenosis, ASD- atrial septel defect, CMP- cardiomyopathy, MVP- mitral valve prolapse, PFO- patent foramen ovale, RVHD- rheumatic valvular heart disease, VSD- ventricular septal defectRef CAGDAS, D. N. PAC, F. A. (2009) Cardiac chest pain in children. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi-the Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 9, 401-406.As shown in above SPSS result the find of structural cardiac disease in old age group was 2.84 clock gamyer as compared to younger age group and significant p value was 0.011 which was less than 0.05 which states that there was significant difference between variables of two age groups with structural cardiac disease.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)Table.2. SPSS result for Frequency and risk of arrhythmia with age in patients with chest pain(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)GroupsArrhythmiasPPresentAbsentTypeNTotal,n(%)Total,n(%)5-12 years old (n=55)Frequent VE and SVE33 (5.5)52 (94.5)0.0513-16 years old (n=65)Frequent VE and SVE711 (16.9)54 (83.1)WPW Syndrome2Sinus bradycardia1Sinus pause1Chi-square test, Risk analysis, Reference group is taken as 5-12 age groupSVE supraventricular ecto py, VE ventricular ectopy, WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromeRef CAGDAS, D. N. PAC, F. A. (2009) Cardiac chest pain in children. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi-the Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 9, 401-406.As shown in above SPSS result the risk of arrhythmias in older age group was 3.53 times higher as compared to younger age group and significant p value was 0.05 which shows borderline significant difference in variables of two groups with arrhythmias.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)Overall analysis of arrhythmias and structural cardiac disease reported 4.12 times higher risk of cardiac disease in senior age group (12-13 years age) as compared to that with younger age group (5-12 years age).(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)DiscussionThe results of this study was compared with other studies and different required methods were performed for analyses of cardiac disease think to chest pain which was not performed in previous studies. In previous findings majority of patients were assessed by only echoc ardiography without performing 24 hour holter monitor test to any patients while in this study echocardiography was performed to all children and holter monitoring was done for 38(31.6%) patients out of 120 as required and also frequencies of arrhythmias was found to be 11.6% and same ratio for structural cardiac disease which as compared to other studies was high. Thus use of various methods for assessing cardiac diseases associated with chest pain was good effort made in this study.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) wizard finding of this study was that chest pain complains was more in the elder children which was supported by previous epidemiological studies for the chest pain complaints. cardiopulmonary problems in young children and psychogenic pain in children older than 12 years of age was reported from previous studies while from this study 4.12 times more risk to cardiac disease was found in elder age group on analysing all cardiac diseases and was explained because of aging related ri sk of arrhythmias or increase in structural cardiac diseases symptoms or increase in level of consciousness with increasing age regarding cardiac chest pain symptoms which was satisfactory reasoning given in this study. From the SPSS results it think that older children were at high risk to structural cardiac disease (p=0.011) and 3.53 times more frequent to arrhythmias. Thus use of SPSS results in analyses of cardiac disease was one very important part of this study as it explored some critical and different results compared to other studies.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)In 28(23.3%) patients chest pain was supposed to be directly caused by cardiac diseases and which was assumed because of high frequency of some cardiac diseases in patients selected but clear reasons for chest pain was still not proved. From previous studies majority of non-cardiac chest pain was reported because of gastro-esophageal reflux diseases and in this study total 40 patients were execrable chest pain because of similar reasons like abdominal pain, epigastric tenderheartedness etc which highlighted one important conclusion that their may exist more than one cause for chest pain not necessary that its always related to cardiac disease. This study also gave example of important application of echocardiography in diagnosis of rheumatic valvular heart disease as it was observe in 17 children as compared to analyses done by clinical examination for existence of rheumatic valvular heart disease.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)In this study pursual the particular algorithm the study groups were analysed from which many results reported was different from that concluded by physical examination like in 16 patients physical examination showed it to be innocent murmur but was found to have structural cardiac disease on further analyses. Thus though this type of algorithm requires some extra excercise but it made analyses to identify cardiac disease more clear.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009)Overall this study conclud ed that risk of cardiac disease was increased with age and it also gave percentage of cardiac disease that was 42.5% which was high as compared to other studies. The study also highlighted importance and use of different methods that can be used for detail analyses of cardiac disease that was not covered in previously performed studies but this type of evaluation was to be carried out with larger number of patients to get more clear with results and draw important conclusion because by analysing only 120 children with chest pain one common conclusion can not be given. Selection of proper SPSS tests was done which gave important results for this study. This study assay very well to identify cardiac diseases causing chest pain with all good planning and reasoning behind all steps and methods used but still research in area of cardiac diseases will not be clear unless any sure and precise result for particular cardiac disease can be taken as reference to identify and to draw conclu sion.

The City Of Timbuktu Environmental Sciences Essay

The City Of Timbuktu Environmental Sciences EssayThe metropolis ofTimbuktuis located in the African nation ofMali, near the Niger River. It is small trading town in of import Mali and the Tombaugh Cato its official name. It was 1 of the richest commercial cities in Africa and a center of Moslem learning in the third and sixteenth centuries. It is population 20.483 inhabitants. This name comes from the terminology spoken by the Tu arg nomads who life in it. It was well known to Arabs and new(prenominal) traders when it served as a hub of acculturation and commerce during the 14th and 15th centuriesTimbuktuis in like manner home to several famous mosques, including Sankore, Djingareyber, and Sidi Yahya, all of which are made from the classifiable mud which characterizes buildings inTimbuktu. Due todesertificationand related issues,Timbuktuis a very intemperate urban center to live in it. 1The objective of this research is to review the literary works as it pertains to deserti fication, to define the current status of desertification, to document that designed to relapse the negative effects of desertification, and to analyze effect of desertification as well as their consequences.Review of desolateification 2Desertificationis a type ofland degradationin which a relativelydryland contribution breaks increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of piddle as well as vegetation and wildlife. Desertification is known as Desert encroachment. Any drought on agricultural land or cultivable, and converted into barren land and is caused by long drought on the one hand, and human activity on the other. And desertification phenomenon is also known as move wide range of fertile sphere of influences and high yield to poor areas of veggie and animal for many reasons.Desertification has four types in term of dangerous the coupled Nations designated it. First, very severe desertification a shift of land to a non-productive republic completely. This can be r eclaimed by expensive damages and but limited spaces and in many cases, the agricultural reform process becomes solely unproductive. There are many examples such as Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Somalia. Second, Desertification when spreading of casteless plants, and there is a decline of good vegetable production up to 50%, like land in the east and north-west of the delta in Egypt. Third, Moderate desertification where good vegetable production declines. It causes salinization of the skank, which reduces production by 10-15%, and up to 25% such as Egypt. Fourth, slight desertification when damage occurs or final stage very simple in vegetation and soil which can be negligible as in Saharan desert of the Arabian island.Desertification has a many reasons where causes or factors are divided into two categories natural and human. rude(a) factors climate, drought, quick spinal column, the high soil salinity and soil creep.Human factors such as o ver grazing, poor irrigation methods, deforestation, creeping urbanization and pollution.We can overcome desertification in many ways, such as sand dune stabilization, outgrowth the area of agricultural land, the enactment of laws that prevent harvesting, water pollution prevention and the initiation of new crops more suited to the surroundal conditions.Desertification in Timbuktu 3Where it came from the sand on the vegetation that surrounded the city, the river and bridge branch with a length of more or less 7 km which connects the city by the main reaches of the River Niger that facilitates the transfer of goods to the city by river navigation. Although the exploitation of the financial governments re limitation historic wide of the city in bringing Western tourists, ((the share of infrastructure projects is negligible)), which clashing on tourism in the city itself, this as well as the resulting manifestations of indigence and misery, despite this bleak picture but Timbuktu seem always marvellous and a source of pride and pleasure if we look at the veracity of cultural, as it is one of the few regions in the world that has maintained the potpourri of cultural Alkuzmosa, where managed city smelting several cultures in one pot, to make them their culture which rarely found elsewhere.The rolled on the Timbuktu region several crises of drought between the years 1970 1997, because of desertification which overgrazing was the well-nigh important causes of it. Where the regions population depends on lineage grazing in large numbers may increase the deal for per household because it is the main source of livelihood. Also because of negligence or privation of awareness of the importance of other fileds such as agriculture and others. In addition to other influences such as global warming and the suntan of fossil fuels which was and still have devastating effects on the environment of the region.Programs designed to rick the negative effects of Deserti fication in TimbuktuThese are a few of the relevant measures.Investment program and rural areas in Union Mali4The program aims to reduce rural poverty in the regions of Timbuktu and Gao restoring social networks and creating the conditions unavoidable to support economic activity. It operates the hydro-agricultural potential of the Niger River. The interventions under the program are knockout in 14 municipalities along the Niger River and five common pastoral business organisation devices and small farmers, pastoralists, rural women, youth and marginalized social groups.The program aims toStrengthen the cleverness of local organizations and institutions to express their collective needs and to create and manage their investments. give out the potential of agro-pastoral zone in a sustainable manner.Improve approach shot to basic services through and through the development of community health centers. lead to the development of national policies to fight against rural poverty.P romote policy duologue to promote the interests of local rural communities. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 5 6In those countries experiencing serious drought and / or desertification, particularly in Africa, the Convention to trash desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that accept long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements. This Convention is the altogether agreement that has been drawn from the direct recommendation of the Conference Agenda 21, adoptive in Paris on 17 June 1994 and entered into force in celestial latitude 1996.The agreement is the first and only carry an international, legally binding and to put to address the problem of desertification. The Convention on the principles of partnership, participation and decentralization the gumption of good governance, sustainable development and the Convention has now 194 countries member devising them bear reci pe World to help in promoting the Convention proclaimed in 2006 the International Year of Deserts and Desertification, but discussions broke on the effectiveness of the International Year on a practical level. viands and agriculture Organization of the United Nations7Desertification like illness Earth which ill affects vegetation of land cultivated with crops, as well as rank and forest areas.Also have negative effects on the phenomenon of biodiversity and soil fertility and the hydrological cycle of water resources and crop yields, in addition to the production of livestock.t should be noted that the Food and Agriculture Organization supports and supports a number of countries in the world in the implementation of its country programs to trash desertification, and those countries are Mali, Senegal, Turkey, Chile, Cuba, Yemen, Lebanon, and Cambodia. As the organization pays special attention to dry areas and through its Special Programme for Food Security.In Africa, seeking Foo d and Agriculture Organization to strengthen its cooperation with UNESCO and the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought influence in the Sahel region, in response to desertification in the Sahel and West Africa, has coordinated an hatchway of the United Nations on the Horn of Africa, which includes the countries most affected by desertification. effect of Desertification on the Mosques of Timbuktu 8There are three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahia, recall Timbuktus sumptuous age. Although these monuments are continuously restored, current desertification enhances desert encroachment and sand storms the situate is under threat. The satellite image shows the landscape surrounding Timbuktu, composed in the main of sand and desert.The temperature increased by 1.4C in that area and the impact of the drought was remarkable between 1901 and 1996. Research has shown that in the future region will face a decline in average rainfall, and an increase in the temperat ure and that will surely enhance the encroachment of the desert and sand blown damage in Timbuktu.Consequences of Desertification for TimbuktuDesertification has huge economic consequences the World hope estimates that at the global level, the annual income foregone in the areas affected by desertification amounts to US$ 42 one million million million each year, while the annual cost of fighting land degradation would cost only US$ 2.4 billion a year. In all, more than 110 countries have dry lands that are potentially threatened by desertification. 9Africa, Asia and Latin America are the most threatened by desertification. There are several things to do to reverse the negative consequences of desertification10Restore and fertilize the land A simple and tawdry way to fertilize the land is to prepare compost that will become humus and will regenerate the soil with organic matter.Reforestation trees sportsman several roles they help fix the soil, act as wind breakers, enhance soil fertility, and help absorb water during heavy rainfall.Develop sustainable agricultural practices.Traditional lifestyles as practiced in many arid zones offer examples of harmonious living with the environment.Combat the effects of the wind By constructing barriers and stabilising sand dunes with local plant species.Developing education and development It is important that every individual has access to information and understands the action proposals communicated by the media and literature. Reading and writing skills provide people the opportunity to become remedy informed and help them understand and organize projects that combat desertification. Education and then enables them to share knowledge and better manage the available resources.Mandating environmental priority.Relieving squelch on forest.Investing more external aid in rural. change institutions.

The Tulsa Race Riots Of 1921 History Essay

The Tulsa Race shrieks Of 1921 History EssayThe Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 was wizard of the virtually(prenominal) traumatic race revolts in the history of the united States. Evaluating the events in retrospect, its hard to explain how such an ordeal, starting with bonnie a simple encounter in an elevator, could have escalated into whizz of the dead restst extra-military conflicts ever to ready coiffe on American soil. How was it that a saturnalia heard by almost no peerless was able to directly trigger the amassing of gees in an gaga work dowryy? And how did that unruly mob then gain financial aid from the very authorities that were sent to put it level? I constitute that this was all possible beca use up of an ele man military groupt of racism known as object lesson naturalism which was facilitated by personal biases and luridist media accounts.The phenomenon of instance realism occurs when a subconscious set of mental filters developed from our beliefs and expe riences weighs heavily in our definition of reality. In this particular instance, the filters were composed of racist brains, ca employ certain truths to be warped by the biases of the observer. In this case, two truths were distorted, starting signal, that concerning the events that sparked the riot, and, minute of arc, that concerning what was taking place during the riot itself.To understand all of this, we must first have a natural know directge of the events. This commences non with the firing of the first fortuitys or even with the quarter of seemingly insignificant events that led to the first signs of difficulty. Rather, one must begin with the zeitgeist, and consider the world as Tulsans did in May of 1921. We need not unaccompanied understand how this tragedy could happen, nevertheless why, in the end, it did.Of all the qualities that affect visitors to the metropolis of Tulsa in the sidereal days before the race riots, one of them was s simple machinece how m odern it was. Recently constructed re behaveice constructions stood downtown, motorized vehicles rumbled back and forth on Main Street, and rows of freshly painted houses stood in residential neck of the woodss. Compared to other cities in the region, Tulsa was nothing less than a sensation. In occurrence, Tulsa has crowing so a good deal and so quickly that local tourism promoters called it the Magic City.However, the Chamber of handicraft brochures and postcards did not reveal everything. Tulsa was in round elan, not one scarce two cities. In the shadow of the thriving center, in that respect was a trice residential area all unto itself. Some disparagingly called it Little Africa though in posterior years it became known simply as Greenwood. In proterozoic 1921, it was the home of almost cristal thousand African-American men, women and children. 5, 6 well-nigh residents of Tulsas primarily African American suburb came to Oklahoma, like their unclouded neighbors d uring the grand boom just before and after Oklahoma achieved statehood. Some came from Mississippi, some from Missouri, and others all the way from Georgia. For humankindy, Oklahoma represented not only a chance to escape the harsh realities of race in their former experient South states, however literally a land of hope, a place to start over.The backbone of the residential area was Greenwood highway. Running for over a mile, the channel had a certain symbolic meaning. Unlike Tulsas other passageways, which crossed into some(prenominal)(prenominal) sour and flannel neighborhoods, Greenwood Avenue was present only in the African American community.9For a community of its size, the business district of Greenwood offered an impressive head for the hills of commercial message structures. John and Loula Williams, who had a three story building on the compass northwest corner of Greenwood Avenue and genus Sagittarius Street, in addition operated the Dreamland Theater, a 150 seat venue that offered live music and theatrical revues as well as silent films accompanied by pianist. Nearby where the buildings that housed intimately all of Tulsas gloomy professional offices. there were no less than ten of each in all the major occupations and the greatest tally was xv the number of African American physicians in Tulsa at the time of the riots.11The knowing culture on Greenwood was likewise surprising, at least by standards inwardly the region. There were not one but two opaque intelligencepapers the Tulsa rail principal and the Oklahoma Sun. Afro-Americans were barred from using the new Carnegie library in the citys center, so a smaller black library branch was constructed, and came to be ingest with its own unique offerings. guinea pigly recognized African American leaders like WEB Dubois had even taught in Tulsa before the riot. In addition, Greenwood was also home to a local league of businesses, several fraternal orders, a branch of the YMCA, and several womens clubs. The last of these was populated by the communitys secondary schooldays teachers, the number of whom in employ was never less than thirty.Political issues of the day also attracted considerable interest. The Tulsa Star, in particular, provided not only comprehensive wrap upage of national, state and local political campaigns and election results, but also let upn over considerable space to record activities in local clubs of black Democrats and Republicans. In addition, the Star also covered some quasi-political chokements, including Marcus Garveys Universal negro return Association, various back-to-Africa movements, and some nationalist organizations. virtuoso such host, the African slant Brotherhood, by and by claimed to have had a chapter on Greenwood before the riot.12Around the neighborhood were m either small rememberings, barbers, and two family-owned grocery markets. Prior to the riot, these businesses made Greenwood, on a per capit a basis, one of the most financially successful African American communities in the country. Grit, hard work and determination were the main curtilages for this success. Entrepreneurial bosom had been imported to Tulsa from small communities in the outlying rural areas.There were also other reasons. Tulsa booming economy was an important factor, as was the fact that, in general, Greenwood was basically the only the place where black Tulsans could chose to shop. Due to the citys mandate of residential segregation, blacks were generally barred from patronizing downtown shops owned by blancheds, or at least risk insult if they tried. While many black Tulsans made a conscious decision to sponsor the African American merchants, the fact of the matter is that that most had few other options.15Despite the fact that this separation seemed to be becoming to a greater extent entrenched during the months that preceded the riots, much than a few clean Tulsans feared, usually due to sensat ionalist news reports, that the foe was true. It was primarily the Tulsa Tribune that asserted that black Tulsa was on the modernize toward equal stead with w bourgeone Tulsa. It was this idea of black Tulsas rising up both in an economic and combative sense that was created by the Tribune and some other, smaller news outlets.The Tribunes deliberately sensational articles would be the primary ideas or filters that later led to instances of representational realism. Anecdotal reports were issued about blacks Tulsans ignoring or challenging Jim Crow practices. Whites were angry at and jealous of the material success of Greenwoods elite a musical note that there was no doubt enhanced by equally sensational reports on the sharp fall in crude oil prices and the later(prenominal) layoffs in the oil industry immediately prior to the riots. In the first weeks and months of 1921, sinlessness Tulsans were made to fear that the Color Line was not only in danger of macrocosm slowly eras ed, but felt that its expunction was already happening.42Adding to this fear was the fact that, at the time, the vast majority of lily- purity Tulsans had almost no direct knowledge of the African American community. A handful of white-owned businesses existed on Greenwood and some whites occasionally visited the area for one reason or another, but most white Tulsans had never set groundwork in the African American neighborhood and had no desire to do so in the future. Most whites lived in all white neighborhoods, attended all white schools and churches, and worked mainly in all white purlieus. For most of Tulsas white population, the little they knew or thought they knew about the African-American community was based upon racial stereotypes, deeply rooted prejudices, and, most importantly, media- set rumor and innuendo.though heavily exaggerated and sometimes completely fabricated, newspaper accounts were not all unfounded. In the spring of 1921, serious racial troubles had be en brewing not just in Tulsa but crosswise America for some time. Few periods were as turbulent as the years surround World War I. In 1919, more than two dozen different race riots erupted in cities and towns crossways the country. Its important to note, however, these riots were not like those of the 1960s and 1990s, and were primarily characterized by white mobs invading African American neighborhoods, attacking African-American men and women, and vehement down houses and businesses. There wasnt one single record of the inverse having occurred, a fact that Tulsas news outlets deliberately omitted. 19Even prior to the riot, force-out against black Oklahomans was part of the national unrest. Largely because of the conditions of frontier lawlessness, Oklahoma had immense been plagued by kills. From 1911-1921, 23 such instances were account in Oklahoma. All were vigilante actions and all 23 of the victims, save for one, were African Americans.30Tulsa in particular had suffice a bustling center of Klan activity. Though there are no truly reliable records of membership, its estimated that there were 3200 Klansmen in Tulsa at the time of the riot. some other reports put the figure at as high as 6000. To give one a perspective on the pervasive nature of the Klan, an launching ceremony was held south of the city during the summer that followed the riot. Over a thousand news members were brought in during that one evening. There were so many in attendance that a large traffic jam resulted on the channel to the suburb of Broken Arrow, which sat along the route.It was within this cultural context that on May 30th, 1921, instrument Rowland, a black man, and Sarah varlet, a white woman, had a short and initially insignificant encounter on an elevator. The context of the event would be rapidly magnified as the story was repeatedly re-interpreted, each time filtering by dint of the idea matrix of individuals with racial prejudice.Rowland was a black man of about 19 at the time that the riots took place, though the actual date of his birth has been a subject of some debate. He and his two sisters had been orphans and apparently lived on the streets of Vinita, where they slept and begged for food. When he was approximately six, Rowland was interpreted in by an African-American woman signalized Damien Ford, the proprietor of a small, Tulsa grocery store. shaft Rowland would grow up in Tulsa and eventual(prenominal)ly drop out of school to extend a job shining shoes in a white-owned salon located downtown on Main Street. Shoe twinklings normally cost about a penny in those days, but the prole was usually tipped at least nickel for every shine and sometimes made much more. During a workday, a shoe special K mackerel could pocket a lot of money. This was seen as an especially good lookout for a young African-American for whom there would be few other employment opportunities.There were no toilets at the salon where Dick Rowland work ed. The owner had arranged it so that African-American employees could use the colored bathrooms, in the Drexel building across the street at 319 S. Main Street. To gain access to the toilet, which was located upstairs, Rowland and the other shoe shiners had to devil the buildings elevator. The snarf was not automatic, and required an doer to be present at all times. This work was usually close for women.79At the end of May 1921, the Drexel building elevator operator was a white woman of seventeen named Sarah Page. She had get on to Tulsa from Missouri, and its assumed she lived in a rented room nearby on North Boston Avenue. In addition, it was reported that Page had enrolled herself in a local business school, a move that was almost necessary in order for her to stay competitive. While Tulsa was placid riding its construction boom, some building owners had begun to recruit African-American women to perform as lift operators at a lower salary than their white counterparts.80 Dick Rowland and Sarah Page were both downtown on Monday, May 30th, 1921. At approximately 3pm Dick Rowland walked into Sarah Pages elevator. Seconds later, Page was heard screaming, and Rowland was seen exiting the building at a quickened pace. 82There is a great deal of speculation and banter concerning what actually took place within the confines of the elevator. Subsequent to the riot, the most common explanation was that Rowland had somehow tripped as he entered the elevator and, attempting to catch his fall, had grabbed Pages artillery causing her to scream. Rowland then fled, naturally startled by her controvertion. A narrate theory asserts that the two were romantically involved and that Pages scream was the result of a lovers quarrel. Regardless, all who knew Rowland, black and white, proclaimed that he was completely incapable of the enchant he would be accused of.83The first to respond to Pages cry was an employee of Renbergs fit out store, an outlet on the Drexel b uildings first beautify. He heard Page scream and saw Rowland exit the building right after. He then move to the lift where he discovered the disheveled Page and then called the practice of law. The guard arrived, took reports from the employee and Page, and then began a low-key investigation. The adjoining break of day they arrested Rowland at home, and carted him off to the downtown tuck in for processing.Meanwhile, Richard Lloyd Jones, editor of the Tulsa Tribune, made contact both with the jurisprudence and the Renbergs employee. It just so happened that the Tribune also had offices in the Drexel building and thus he found about the event shortly after it had occurred. When the newspaper contacted the law for comment, they were naturally tightlipped about an ongoing investigation, and thus Jones primary source was the Renbergs employee. That afternoon, he released the following articleNab Negro for Attacking little girlfriend in ElevatorA Negro delivery boy who gave his name to the public as Diamond Dick but who has been identified as Dick Rowland, was arrested on South Greenwood Avenue this sunup by Officers Carmichael and Pack, charged with attempting to sharpshoot the 17-year-old white elevator girl in the Drexel Building beforehand(predicate) yesterday.He will be tried in municipal judicial system this afternoon on a state charge.The girl said she notice the Negro a few transactions before the attempted breach looking up and down the hallway on the third floor of the Drexel Building as if to see if there was anyone in sight but thought nothing of it at the time.A few minutes later he entered the elevator she claimed, and attacked her, scratching her hands and face and tearing her clothes. Her screams brought a clerk from Renbergs store to her assistance and the Negro fled. He was captured and identified this morning both by the girl and the clerk, police say.Tenants of the Drexel Building said the girl is an orphan who works as an e levator operator to pay her way through business college.89Immediately subsequent to this publication, talk of lynching began. Ross T. Warner, the animal trainer of the downtown offices of the Tulsa Machine and Tool Company, wrote that after the Tribune came out that afternoon, the talk of lynching spread like a prairie fire.94Talk soon turned into action. As word of the say sexual assault in the Drexel Building spread, a crowd of whites began to gather on the street foreign of the Tulsa County Courthouse, in whose jail Dick Rowland was being held. As people got off of work, and the news of the alleged attack reported in the Tribune became more widely dispersed across town, more and more white Tulsans, infuriated by what had supposedly taken place in the Drexel Building, began to gather outside the courthouse at Sixth and Boulder. By sunset which came at 734 p.m. that evening observers estimated that the crowd had grown into the hundreds. Not long afterwards, cries of Let us h ave the nigger could be heard. 95By 930 p.m., the white mob outside the courthouse had swollen to nearly two- thousand persons. They blocked the sidewalks as well as the streets, and had spilled over onto the front lawns of nearby homes. In the citys African American neighborhoods, meanwhile, strain continued to mount over the increasingly ugly situation down at the courthouse. Some of the men, however, decided that they could wait no longer. Hopping into cars, small pigeonholings of fortify African American men began to stag brief forays into downtown, their guns visible to passersby.As the black men were leaving the courthouse for the second time, a white man approached a tall African American World War I veteran who was carrying an army-issue revolver. Nigger, the white man said, What are you doing with that pistol? Im going to use it if I need to, replied the black veteran. No, you give it to me. Like hell I will. The white man tried to take the gun out-of-door from the vet eran, and a shot rang out. Americas worst race riot had begun. 106While the first shot fired at the courthouse may have been unintentional, those that followed were not. Almost immediately, members of the white mob and possibly some law enforcement officers opened fire on the African American men, who returned volleys of their own. The initial gunplay lasted only a few seconds, but when it was over, an unknown number of people perhaps as many as a dozen both black and white, lay dead or wounded.107Outnumbered more than twenty-to-one, the black men began a retreating fight toward the African American district. With armed whites in close pursuit, heavy gunfire erupted again along Fourth Street, two blocks north of the courthouse.108A short while later, a second , deadlier, friction broke out at Second and Cincinnati. No longer directly involved with the fate of Dick Rowland, the beleaguered second particular of African American men were now fighting for their own lives. intempe rately outnumbered by the whites, and suffering some casualties along the way, most were apparently able, however, to make it safely across the Frisco railroad tracks, and into the more familiar environs of the African American community.110Shortly thereafter, whites began breaking into downtown sporting goods stores, pawnshops, and hardware stores, thieving or borrowing as some would later claim guns and ammunition. Dick Bardons store on First Street was particularly hard hit as well as the J.W. MeGee Sporting Goods shop at 22 W. Second Street, even though it was located literally across the street from police headquarters. The owner later testified that a Tulsa police officer helped to pogy out the guns that were taken from his store.113It appears that the first fires set by whites in black neighborhoods began at about 100 a.m. African American homes and businesses along Archer were the earliest targets, and when an engine crew from the Tulsa Fire Department arrived and prepare d to imbrue the flames, white rioters forced the firemen away at gunpoint. By 400 a.m., more than two-dozen black-owned businesses, including the Midway Hotel, had been torched.121On the evening of May 31st, the National retain was deployed to turn out the escalating conflict.At approximately 1100 p.m., perhaps as many as fifty dollar bill local National Guardsmen nearly all of whom had been contacted at their homes had poised at the armory on Sixth Street. The Tulsa units of the National Guard were exclusively white. erstwhile armed, guardsmen began to lead groups of armed whites on patrols of downtown streets. This activity was later taken over by members of the also all-white American Legion. Tulsa police officials also aid the guard, presented the guardsmen with a machine gun mounted on the back of a truck.Taking the machine gun with them, about thirty guardsmen headed north, and positioned themselves along Detroit Avenue between Brady Street and Standpipe mound, along one of the borders separating the citys white and black neighborhoods. The brushwood line that the National Guard officers established was set-up facing the African American district. Moreover, the guardsmen also began rounding up black Tulsans, whom they handed over as prisoners to the police.While some black Tulsans chose to stay and fight, most realized the futility of doing so and tried get themselves and their families to safety. They had been outmanned and outgunned when facing the white civilians alone. Now the opposition was aided by the police and National Guardsmen. In the early hours of June 1, a energise stream of black Tulsans began to leave the city, hoping to find safety in the surrounding countryside. Early in the evening when there was first talk of trouble, Irene Scofield later told the Black Dispatch, I and about forty others started out of the town and walked to a little town about fifteen miles away. Others joining the exodus, however, were not as fortunate . Billy Hudson, an African American laborer who lived on Archer, hitched up his coaster wagon as conditions grew worse, and set out with his grandchildren by his side for Nowata. He was killed by whites along the way.130In the pre-dawn hours of June l, thousands of armed whites, led by National Guardsmen, had gather in three main clusters along the northern fringes of downtown, opposite Greenwood. One group had assembled behind the Frisco freight depot, while another waited nearby at the Frisco and Santa Fe passenger station. Four blocks to the north, a third crowd was cluster at the Katy passenger depot. While it is unclear how many people were in each group, some contemporary observers estimated the total number of armed whites who had gathered as high as five or ten thousand.141 some(prenominal) eyewitnesses later recalled that when dawn came at 508 a.m. that morning, an unusual whistle or siren sounded, perhaps as a signal for the mass assault on Greenwood to begin. Althoug h the source of this whistle or siren is still unknown, moments later, the white mobs made their move. Crowds of armed whites poured across the Frisco tracks, headed straight for the African American commercial district.146Numerous other eyewitnesses both black and white confirm the posture of an unknown number of planes flying over Greenwood during the early daylight hours of June 1. There is little doubt but that some of the occupants of the airplanes fired upon black Tulsans with pistols and rifles. Moreover, there is depict, to suggest that men in at least one airplane dropped some form of explosives, probably sticks of dynamite, upon a group of African American refugees as they were fleeing the city.153As the waves of white rioters descended upon the African American district, a evil pattern soon emerged. First, the armed whites broke into the black homes and businesses, forcing the occupants out into the street, where the police and National Guard led them away at gunpoint to one of a growing number of internment centers. Anyone who resisted was shot. Moreover, African American men in homes where firearms were discovered met the same fate. Next, the whites looted the homes and businesses, pocketing small items, and hauling away larger items either on foot or by car or truck. Finally, the white rioters then set the homes and other buildings on fire, using torches and oil-soaked rags. House by house, block by block, the wall of flame crept northward, engulfing the citys black neighborhoods.155Attempts by black Tulsans to defend their homes and property were undercut by the actions of both the Tulsa police and the local National Guard units, who, rather than focus on disarming or arresting the white rioters, took steps that led to the eventual imprisonment of practically all of the citys African American citizens. 162As the morning wore on, and the fighting moved northward across Greenwood, the guardsmen who were positioned along the crest of sundown H ill started to actively join in the invasion of black Tulsa, with one detachment heading north, the other to the northeast. As later described by Captain John W. McCuen in the after action report he submitted to the commander of Tulsas National Guard unitsWe advanced to the crest of Sunset Hill in skirmish line and then a little hike north to the military crest of the hill where our men were ordered to lie down because of the intense fire of the blacks who had formed a good skirmish line at the foot of the hill to the northeast among the out-buildings of the Negro resolving which stops at the foot of the hill. After about 20 minutes of fire at will at the armed groups of blacks the latter began locomote back to the northeast, thus getting good cover among the frame buildings of the Negro settlement. Immediately we moved forward, B Company advancing directly north and the Service company in a north-easterly direction.173The guardsmen then came upon a group of African Americans bar ricaded inside a store, who were attempting to hold off a mob of armed white rioters. Rather than attempt to get the white invaders and the black defenders to disengage, the guardsmen joined in on the attack. Again, as described by Captain McCuenAt the northeast corner of the Negro settlement 10 or more Negroes barricaded themselves in a concrete store and dwelling and a stiff fight ensued between these Negroes on one side and guardsmen and civilians on the other. Several whites and blacks were wounded and killed at this point. 174At approximately 11am on June 1st, the governor intervened, calling for martial law. State Troops were dispatched and began to move into what little remained of Tulsas African American neighborhoods, disarming whites and sending them away from the district. This brought the debauch to an end. 197As previously stated , there were two truths distorted by representative realism. The first was that concerning the events that sparked the riot. It was a single cry by Sarah Page that set in motion the events that would ultimately leave half the city in devastation. This escalation occurred as the accounting of events proceeded along a chain of racially-biased breedingal relay. At each stage or involvement in the chain, representational realism resulted in dissonance between what actually took place and what was perceived and recounted to the next link.The Renbergs employee served as this chains first link. It is known that the employee heard what he took as a scream of distress, saw Rowland exit the building post-haste, and hurried to the lift where he discovered a discombobulated Page. The subsequent police report notes nothing of any bruising or turn clothing and, more importantly, it does not note that Sarah Page claimed to have been raped. What it does note, however, is the fervent assertion by the Renbergs employee that a rape did happen, despite simultaneously admitting that he hadnt actually seen anything happen.The second link i n the chain was Richard Lloyd Jones, editor of the Tulsa Tribune. When Jones received the information from the Renbergs employee, it passed through Jones own filters which, in addition to including racist inclinations, caused him to interpret the information in terms of its usefulness in selling newspapers. Thus, he deliberately sensationalized the information resulting in the following days incendiary headline.The third and final link was the public who received the newspaper. Over the course of the weeks and months that proceeded, the Tribunes sensationalist stories had given them feeling that a black ascension was imminent. When they later saw black Tulsans ride by the courthouse with their weapons on display, their analysis was filtered through this earlier notion, and led them to react as if an uprising was taking place, even though all evidence pointed to the contrary. Obviously a single carload of blacks had not intended to rise up against a thousand-strong mob of whites.Th is leads to the second, truth that was distorted by representative realism, which concerned what was actually taking place during the riot itself. It is apparent to any unbiased party that the black communitys position was defensive for the duration of the conflict, and it was the white community that was engaged in an uprising. The National Guardsman, however, responded as if the opposite were true. This is more serious than the similar behavior exhibited by white civilians, as the Guard was commissioned with the duty of restoring order. Moreover they were briefed in detail prior to being deployed. They were well aware that the riot began as an aggression toward the black community in response to an attempt by a small group of blacks to defend a prisoner from a lawless mob of whites.Nonetheless, arriving on the scene of the conflict already underway and seeing armed blacks take aim at opposing whites, its clear that the negro uprising idea filtered the guardsmens perception and res ulted in an upside down assessment of the circumstances. This was the notion they abided despite the fact that almost all conflicts took place in the black part of town and the fact that the black side was almost always outnumbered. The most startling evidence of the role of representative realism was seen after the event, when National Guard officers were debriefed. Despite now being in a non-hostile environment and being put on record, several guardsmen actually used the enounce negro uprising and used the term enemy in fictitious character to the black population they were dispatched to protect.Given the facts of what took place, it seems almost impossible for anyone to have come to the conclusion that Sarah Page was raped or that a Negro uprising was taking place on the following day. However, with the space of just a few hours, both of these beliefs were almost ubiquitous amongst a community of thousands. This is the power of representative realism. Once the right preconceive d notions have been impressed, it only takes a certain trigger, and anyone, regardless of duty or morality, can be driven to do the extreme.Lawrence Alex Reed TERM PAPER Page 1African-Americans exemplification Realism and the Tulsa Race RiotAbroad

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste environsal Sciences EssayElectronic chase away, popularly cognise as e- boast whoremaster be defined as electronic equipment or products connecting with creator plug or batteries which flummox become obsolete due to promotion in technology, changes in fashion, style and status. E- profligacy is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). This includes discarded data processors, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, carrel ph wizs, audio equipment and batteries.Electrical and electronic counteract (e-waste) is one of the most uphill issues that has caught the attention of various parties including policy makers, non-g everyplacenmental organization (NGO) and the general human race glob exclusivelyy. This evolution tinge is due to the ever increasing volume of e-waste being generated resulting in activities such as collecting, disman tling and tendency of e-waste that has ca employ environmental befoulments and adverse stir on public wellness (Rosnani, 2010).E-waste in Malaysia is being regulated beneath the environmental Quality profess (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 that came into effect on 15 marvelous 2005 (Rosnani, 2010). The inclusion of e-waste the 2005 regulation is to adequately command the counselling of these wastes generated in the expanse as well as to enable Malaysia to dis eitherow importation of used galvanising and electronic equipment either for refurbishment or recovery besides for short term usage, following which equipment is disposed collide with.Today, it is frequently cheaper and more(prenominal) satisfied to buy new machine to accommodate the newer generations of technology than it is to upgrade the senior. Expanding e-waste speci in onlyy mobile predict and computer in all kind of sectors causation the increasing of the quantity of e-waste.E-waste returns signi ficant quantities of cyanogenetic waste. Each computer or television display monitor contains an average of 4-8 pounds of lead. Monitor glass contain ab place 20% lead by weight. Ab bulge 70% of sour materials like mercury and cadmium found in landfill come from electronic equipment discard (Hawari and Hassan, 2008).These heavy metals and other precarious substances found in electronic can clog groundwater and pose other environmental and public health.Moreover, the health impacts of the mixtures and material combination in the products often argon not known (Noraida, 2010). The production of semiconductors printed travel board, disk drives and monitors used particularly uncivilised chemical. Therefore, one of the objective of this plain is to find out the applicable heed of e-waste more or less the world and their cause to piece health.There ar various issues of concerns with impact to e-waste disposal and recycle. This query project overview the issues specific ally associate to the export for recycle. Particularly, it discusses documented effects on gentle health and the environment that have been level(p) to unsafe recycle practices in developing countries. It to a fault provides an overview of various factors un repressable to be understand why e-waste disposal has become a concern on each countries.Therefore, it is important to have a good e-waste management in order to ensure that it go out not harm to human and environment. If we not do the cycle, these e-waste lead be disposed off. There are several methods to dispose e-waste either landfill or incinerator or have burning. However, if we style at to it closely, all this method volition give negative impacts to human and environment. opposite than that, problem related to facilities and location of e-waste disposal is occurring. When we landfill the e-waste, it allow contaminate groundwater. If we incinerate e-waste, it will produce uncertain smelt and left barbarian re sidue. If we recycle the e-waste, it will harm the recycle team. Lastly, we export the e-waste to other republic (Noraida, 2010). Now, we have no choice and scientist today should do more inquiry on these problem.E-waste management need to fulfill different objectives which go beyond pure technical implementation. Especially in developing countries and countries in transition, which a lacking legal and institutional frame realize, as well as scatty fundament, e-waste management demands for a comprehensive and structural approach. This has been echoed by various planetary organizations and initiatives, including the United Nation exploitation Organization (UNIDO), the United Nation Environment Programmed (UNEP), the Basel convention, the Solving the e-Waste Problem (StEP). Several victimization cooperation project take a three step approach.1Understand the current framework conditionDeveloping a structured dodge in a multi-s packholder approachImplementing the strategy through a roadmap with assigned responsibilities and a periodframeThe research will give beneficial to all community. Government can either try to avoid all the methods that can give negative impacts or if not, just guess for the better management we have around the world that similarly include in this proposal. It besides can give public awareness for those concerns.. It is hoped that these research proposal will assist in the better understanding and management of e-waste and a prompt action can be taken by the government activity to improve what we have now before it is too late. accusativeto find out the issues and challenges on developing and implementing e-waste managementTo find out the applicable management of e-waste around the world and their effects to human health.To study the recommended actions that can be taken to rein ins the e-waste issuesLiterature reviewExamining E-waste Related Legislations and RegulationsIn its amount of recommendations to combat illegal dumpin g of E-waste, the Basel scrapion interlocking ( prohibition era) urges governments to jam manufacturers to remove noxious chemicals from products as soon as possible. BAN in any case calls on strict enforcement of the Basel Convention2and lauds Australia for its efforts in that regard (Michael, 2012).Regarding issues in Australia, it requires ample testing of electronic waste to certify that it complies with the Basel Convention before it is exported. The BAN report on dumping in Lagos calls the U.S. the worst actor among essential countries that perpetuate dumping of hazardous waste in developing nations. early(a) place, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection state that cathode ray subway system no longer be accepted at transfer stations, landfills or landfill operators or a penalty of USD 25000 for each offense (Iswalah, 2008).Transboundary movement of hazardous waste is con-trolled by the Basel Convention, which entered into forcein 1992.3In Malaysia, governm ent legislations have been introduce to control this federal agency. First under Environment Quality Act 974 Sect. 18(1). There areE-Waste classified as Scheduled Waste and given the code of SW 110E-Waste can only be handled by licensed contractors.Act enforced by Department of Environment.Enforcement-oriented rather than Facilitation-oriented.(PEWOG, 2009)4Second is under semipublic Cleansing and Solid Waste Management Act (2007), it state that all waste belongs to the government or its contractor (PEWOG, 2009). The question is the present of prayer and process activities illegal be catch all waste belongs to the government or its contractors. wherefore, wateriness and uncertainty begin to float.Besides using the Environmental Quality Act (1974) to manage these wastes, the DOE is also using the Custom Order (Prohibiton of minute/Export) Order 2008 to control the importation and export of e waste (Ong, 2009).2. Issues And Challenges On Developing And Implementing3R (Reduce, Re use and recycle)There are several methods to manage all these e-waste materials. The most safe, encourage and cheapest is by 3R that are quash, reuse and recycling. it can be tote upd as follows (Hawari and Hassan, 2008) Reduce attempt to reduce the amount of waste generated reduce/eliminate useof toxic substances like lead and mercury. Reuse reiterate use of items or parts of items which are fluid usable cycle use of waste itself as resourceSince e-waste recycling is by and large unregulated, surgical data regarding the end markets, both domestic and abroad, are not in public available. Therefore, it is difficult to know how much e-waste that is collected for recycling is actually exported for processing (Linda, 2010).In the waste management hierarchy, 3R is high on the precedency list and country analysis paper by Malaysia in one of its meeting place5state that Malaysia is capitalizing on technologies which are environmentally friendly, proven and cost powerful to sha rpens its 3R programmers and activities in the country. The analysis paper also state that the construction, operation and upkeep of rigs using such technologies involves high capital and cost. The banking sector is quite antipathetical to provide the financial support specially when new technologies are composite.We still have weakness in recycling system around the world. The infrastructure like network of waste collection, transportation, and sorting activities is still being developed. Then proceed to the actual processing on the e-waste, if compared to recycling of paper, glass, and plastic, the process is more costly and expensive.Most local authorities in Malaysia did not have a sound financial resources to pay for all the new technologies carried out to treat and dispose the waste. Without the federal government intervention or load to provide the bridging finance, the introduction of environmentally friendly and modern technology will face an uphill task.6Then other p roblem on the situation when e-waste may be processed domestically after collection is also limited. A comp whatever that operates as a recycler may actually be a waste consolidator that sends the waste to another vendor. Those downstream vendors may sort out the units for reuse, ship whole units abroad for processing, or process it domestically to nigh other uses (Linda, 2010).Good news is the electronics manufacturers are before long driven by various forces to make their products more easily recyclable and with fewer hazardous constituents.7Any future changes to electronic devices have no impact, however, on the hundreds of millions of devices currently in use or obsolete devices currently in reposition (Linda, 2010). Eventually those devices will make their way to the disposal or recycling markets.Disposal (Incineration, Open Burning Or Landfilling)Incineration means destroy something especially waste material by burning. It is associated with a major risk of generating and dispersing contaminants and toxic substances (Mathias, 2010). The gases released during the burning and the residue ash is often toxic. Municipal solid waste (MSW) state that incineration plants have shown that copper, which is present in printed circuit boards and cables, act as catalyst for dioxin formation when flame retardants are incinerated (Gongkia, 2000).At this time incineration of toxic e-waste is taking place without much restriction around the world, especially in poorer countries. Incineration of electronic waste should be the last resort and should be at a minimum if not completely banned (April, 2010). Same goes to lax burning which releases many pollutants into environment Since open fires burn at comparatively low temperatures, they release many more smoke than in a controlled incineration process (Hawari and Hassan, 2010)When we landfill the e-waste, the problems comes by the leachate produces. It is often contains heavy metals and other toxic substances which can contaminate ground and water resources. Even state-of-the-art landfills which are plastered to prevent toxins from entering the ground are not completely tightlipped in the long-term (Singh et al., 2012).Significant impacts from landfilling could be avoided by conditioning hazardous materials from e-waste pick outly and by landfilling only those fractions for which there are no make headway recycling possibilities and ensure that they are in state-of-the-art landfills that respect environmentally sound technical standards (Gongkia, 2000)ExportIn America, according to National condom Council (1999), currently the cheapest e-waste recycling option in the US is to send e-waste overseas (McCarthy, 2002). According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), up to 80% of American recycle e-waste is exported to poorer countries. However , how it is used or disposed of there is largely unknown (McCarthy, 2002). Example in Guiyu8, China, the PCs and peripherals forming mountain and overflowing into streets, with its people do a living stripping away PC part with their unembellished hands.Ministry of environment in India showed no results concerning report of e-waste, but the ministry admits that a snow% controls of the borders is not possible. What complicate the problem is that computer waste, which does not have any resale or reuse value, is openly burnt or disposed off in landfills.Although it is difficult to know exactly how much e-waste collected for recycling is exported, it appears that India or developing countries in Asia or Africa are most probably to receive e-waste. In these area, children and adults are not wearing safety to peel the e-waste in order to sell salvageable items. The rest of the materials are burned-out or buried. In Ghana, China and India, many of the workers are children, maybe well exposed to these hazardous materials (Kevin, 2007)9.3. Management of E-waste in Malaysia.Malaysia has been putting a dish of effort to eradicat e this problem before it stay put ats persistent and out of control. The Recycle PC campaign, spearheaded by the Association of the Computer and Multimedia In dustry of Malaysia (PIKOM) and waste management company Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd10, is picking up steam since its assemble in march 2005 (Vatis, 2005). This campaign aims to create environmental awareness by encouraging the public and organisations to recycle PCs and the peripherals. Between the period of March 10 and April 30, 2005, Alam Flora has collected 816 computers and peripherals. This includes 194 computer monitors, 147 central processing units (CPUs) 428 printers, and 47 multifaceted PC components (Karim, 2005)Panasonic Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. is among the first corporations to answer the call to recycle when it handed over 60 used PCs and laptops to Alam Flora within a week from first appearance the PC recycling campaign. The Japanese technology giant also pledged to donate more PCs to the Recycle PC campaign each time its embarks on a PC upgrading exercise. Alam Flora has assigned collection points and recycling centers all over the country for people to drop off their old PCs (Hawari and Hassan, 2008).Malaysia is not a destination for others countries put their e-waste. The non-systematic exporting and disposal of e-waste will give threat to our environment. Because of that, Department of Environmental is undergoing a research on take back policy specifically for encourage the producer companies to take back the electric and electronic that do not want to be used anymore for being recycle or dispose in safety ways (Douglas, 2010).Scrap computer/ television/ mobile phone and other e-wasteFree/ sellScrap collectorMiddlemen/ junkshopsRecycling centressecond hand itemDisposal facility Selle-waste recylersPre-treatment (separation)Scrap plastics/ others peeled materialsMain boardElectronic componentExport market/ reassemblinglocal anesthetic marketRe-furnish/ reconditionrecyclingFigure 1 Materials f lows of e-waste in Malaysia(Japan internationalist Cooperation Agency, 2005)Currently, there are 138 e-waste recovery facilities in Malaysia. 16 out of them are the unspoiled recovery facilities and the other are the partial recovery facilities (Rahman, 2008). The of import technology employed to recover e-wastes in terms of precious metal in Malaysia is still limited to wet chemical processes and electrolysis.Statepartial tone recovery facilityFull recovery facilityJohor173Kedah121Melaka123Negeri Sembilan51Perak40Pulau Pinang376Sarawak50Selangor252Wilayah persekutuan50Total12216Grand total138 dodge 1 distribution of e-waste recovery facilities in Malaysia. (Rahman, 2008)But some of them that do not going to recycle are required to be transported by licensed contractors and dispose off in the centralized scheduled waste treatment and disposal facility in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. (Theng, L. C., 2008)11The Bukit Nanas Waste Management bone marrow in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Se mbilan, has the countrys sole landfill for hazardous waste. Here waste that has been treated, stabilized and packed in drums or durable plastic bags are buried in the landfill.4. Effects On Environment And Human HealthAccording to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than 3.2 million tons of e-waste ended up in us landfills. European studies estimate that the volume of e-waste is rising by 3% to 5% per year, almost three times faster than municipal waste stream. Therefore, early action needs in order to tackle this problem before it is going up in our country.From Basel Action Network (BAN), estimate that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 one thousand thousand kilogram of plastics, 716.7 million kilogram of lead and 286700 kilogram of mercury. Table 2 shows some of the hazardous material that contain in the computer and their effects to human and the environment.Hazardous materialLocationEffectsLead solder of printed circuit boards and other electronic com ponentGlass panels in computer monitors (cathode rays tube)Damage to the central and peripheral nervous system, blood system and kidney in human.effects to the endocrine systemnegative effects on the development of the brain in children have been well documented (Howell, 2001).CadmiumSMD fighting resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors.Possible risk of irreversible effects on human health (Howell, 2001).Easily be accumulated in amounts that cause symptoms of intoxicationMercuryBatteries, switches/ housing, and printed wiring board.Causes chronic damage to the brain.Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC)Cabling and computer housing.Cause of dioxin12formation.Brominated blast RetardantPrinted circuit boardact as endocrine disrupterscause an increased risk of cancer to the digestive and lymph systemsreduce levels of the hormone triiodothyronine13in exposed animals.Table 2 toxic chemicals contain and their effects (Hawari and Hassan, 2008).Various scientific observations indicate that p olybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) might act as endocrine disrupters. The levels of PBDEs in human breast milk are doubling every five years and this has prompted concern because of the effect of these chemicals in young animals (Howell, 2001)In addition, organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1993 state that hexavalent chromium also exists in some of e-waste. It can easily pass through membranes of cells. It causes satisfying sensitised reactions even in small concentrations. Asthmatic bronchitis is another allergic reaction linked to chromium VI. Chromium VI may also cause DNA damage (Howell, 2001)The incineration, land-filling, and illegal dumping of electronic wastes all contribute toxic chemicals to the environment. Environmental impacts includes contamination of all local environmental media like soil, air, surface water and ground water. For example, the primary hazardous recycling operations in Guiyu involveMetal recovery that involves in open burning o f wires to withstand steel and copper, cathode ray tube cracking to obtain copper-laden yokes, disordering and burning of circuit boards to remove solder and chips, and acid stripping chips for gold. tensile recycling through chipping and melting anddumping of materials that cannot be gain processed (such as leaded CRT glass and burned circuit boards) and residues from recycling operations such as ashes from open burn operations, dog-tired acid baths, and sludges (Yan, et al, 2009).Children in Guiyu were found to have blood lead levels (BLL) that were significantly higher than those in the neighboring village. Elevated BLLs in Guiyu children were common as a result of exposure to lead contamination caused by primeval e-waste recycling activities (Xia, 2007).. Prevents Options To Tackle The E-wastesIn this section, some actions that can be adopted are reviewed. Almost all of theseactions have to be carried out simultaneously. Someof them are targeted to create a widerawareness a mongst the end-users.Binding purchasing with take-back product functionThe aim of extended producer tariff is to encourage producers to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each coif of the product life cycle through changes in product invention and process technology (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Hence, the producers have a great deal of responsibility to take back their products and recycle them at the end of the products operational lives. It puts full financial responsibility on producers to set up collection, recycling and disposal systems.In Malaysia, suitable take stratagem on e-waste will enhance the management of e-waste (Rahman, 2008). He state that Voluntary take back turning away of e-wastes has not been implemented widely by the producer/ importer of electronic and electrical equipment, hence a compulsory requirement of take back scheme through legislation is required.Campaign to increase awarenessIf E-waste causes problems, the first priority sho uld be to reduce its generation. In this regard, consumers in exporting countries should change their lifestyles (Moriguchi et al, 2006)Other we can do by giving some reward to the public to encourage them involve in 3R and the reward is not necessary in kind of money (Iswalah, 2008).The end-user should contact the local or state government representatives, explain to them why he or she is concerned and ask them to get involved in developing solutions (Hawari and Hassan, 2008).By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income families can hand to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford (Hawari and Hassan, 2008).Swiss Association for the Information, communication and Organizational Technologies (SWICO) systemThis system compared to other is one of the most outperform management of e-waste nowadays.The system considers material flows related to electronic equipment from the point where it becomes waste until the point where the fractions resulting from sorting, dismantling, recycling and disposal processes become secondary raw materials or are disposed of in a landfill (Doka, 2003).So, how its work? According to pounder and Esther (2009), Manual dismantling is the first step, more traditional way to separate hazardous materials from recyclable materials, and to generate recyclable materials from electronic waste. In a pre-sorting process, the incoming e-waste first is separated into the different categories.Then, mechanical dismantling, the typical components of it plant crushing units, shredders, magnetic separators and air separators. The exhaust gases are clean up in waste gas purification plants and the dust generated collected with dust filters.And for refining, it is included mechanical, thermal and chemical processes and typically performed for fractions such as batteries, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, recyclable plastic and printed boards.MethodologyMost of the methodology of my research proposal is by doi ng library and internet research. It is important to get background schooling and to study the past research. It is also useful to make the literature review. I will go through some of the journals, articles, reports and projects there.To get better understanding, I will get some interviews with the workers at Department of Environtment (DOE) to get details data about how e-waste is managing in Malaysia and generally around the world.. I also will go for interview with Prof. Aghamuthu14(lecturer in UM) for his opinions. By using recorder, all the conversations and dialogues will be recorded.Survey is also useful to get the development. It will be distributed them to the workers that work in landfill site especially in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. The stick to contain more on investigating their bodys health and to be related with the symptoms due to toxic discarded from e-waste.Site visit also involved in my methodology. It will take up to a fully day for me to see all the proc ess. It is also to make sure that i will not left behind all the important information. Along the visit, television camera will be used to take photos there to help me get a better analysis.Expected outputThere still a lot of issues that should be consider in managing the e-waste..Work PlanThe work plan start in week three and it takes about 11 weeks to finish it.WeeksActions3Choose the ennobleTo make sure that the title is not to narrowed or broad, and to make sure it can be done on the time given.4-7Library and internet researchBy collected, take note, and borrows the materials from them before further analyse.8-10review and Analyse data raise all the information into the structure of research proposal and relate the information of one reading to another.11-13Presentation workPrepare the slide that summarize the research proposal.14Submit reportDo some refer on the lack and comment from presentation.BudgetEstimated budgetItem expense (RM)Transportation for fuel and public trans portation100.00Prints for surveys paper, and all the reading materials that cannot be borrowed.20.00Gift for interviewers30.00total150.00

Similarities Between Dick Diver and Abe North in Tender is the Night Es

Similarities Between gibe addle-head and Abe trades union in companionable is the Night shaft of light loon and Abe North are characters in F. Scott Fitzgeralds fabrication, Tender is the Night. As presented in the blood of the novel, Dick Diver and Abe North did not seem to have much in common. As the character of Dick Diver developed, the reader found the characters to be analogue to each other. There were numerous unexpected similarities as the novel progressed. The institution of Abe Norths character served as a preview to the good deal of Dick Diver(Stern, 117). The characters deterioration, relationships with their wives, and their effects on the other characters were some of the main similarities between Dick Diver and Abe North. At the start of the novel the characters of Dick Diver and Abe North seemed to contrast. Dick was hospitable and admired by many. Meanwhile, Abe had already deteriorated in character. The archetypical thing that was said about Abe was ne gative. When Abe first appeared Mrs. McKisco conveyed her opinion of him to Rosemary, Well, hes a gooey musician. (Fitzgerald, 8). This statement was related to the lack of progress in Abes profession as clarified by Brady, he was a musician who after a brilliant and precocious start had composed nothing for seven years. (Fitzgerald, 33). proceed from these descriptions, Abe character was reduced to a pitiful drunkard. However, Abe was not always the bankruptcy as Nicole pointed out, Abe used to be so nice... So nice. Long ago-when Dick and I were first married. If only you had known him then. (Fitzgerald, 99). At this point of the novel it seems that Dick has control of his life in comparison to Abe North. Yet, Dicks own life was stagnant. Unlike Abe howe... ...gradation were parallel. A comment made by Nicole in the beginning of the novel now appears to be a forecast on the fate of Dick and Abe, So many smart men go to pieces nowadays. (Fitzgerald, 99). flora Cited and Con sulted Bruccoli, Matthew J. The Composition of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York Collier Books. 1982. Grenberg, Bruce L. Fitzgeralds Figured Curtain Personality and score in Tender Is the Night. In Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender Is the Night, ed. Milton R. Stern. capital of Massachusetts G. K. Hall, 1986. LaHood, Marvin J., ed. Tender Is the Night Essays in Criticism. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1969. Stern, Milton R., ed. Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender Is the Night. Boston Hall, 1986.